ABSTRACT
The scales of perceived exertion (PE) quantify the perceptual changes induced by physiological stress during exercise. Whereas the adult scales cannot be used in children, it was built the EPInfant scale for Spanish speaking children. The aim of this study is to determine the validity of the criteria for an exercise test on a treadmill. Methods: Cross-sectional study, in which the criterion validity was determined by linear regression between the EP and variable intensity exercise (heart rate and workload) during incremental exercise test in treadmill (Naughton’s test). Results: At study entered 26 healthy children (13 males) with a mean age of 13.6 ± 0.13 years-old. Both the PE and heart rate (HR) increased significantly at every level of intensity during the Naughton’ test. It was observed a strong linear correlation between the PE and HR, as well as between PE and workload (speed and slope of the treadmill). All regression models were highly significant (p < 0.0001). Conclusion: EPInfant scale has an acceptable criterion-related validity to measure PE during an incremental exercise test on a treadmill in the studied sample of children. Future studies are needed to determine other properties of measurement in this type of exercise.
Introducción: Las escalas de esfuerzo percibido (EP) permiten cuantificar los cambios perceptuales inducidos por el estrés fisiológico durante el ejercicio. Considerando que las escalas de EP para adultos no pueden ser utilizados en niños, se construyó la escala EPInfant. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar su validez de criterio durante una prueba de ejercicio en cinta rodante. Métodos: Estudio de corte transversal. Se determinó validez de criterio concurrente aplicando regresión lineal entre EP y variables de intensidad de ejercicio (frecuencia cardíaca (FC) y carga de trabajo), durante la prueba de ejercicio incremental en cinta rodante (test de Naughton), en población infantil sana de la ciudad de Concepción Chile. Resultados: Se estudiaron 26 sujetos (13 varones), con una media de edad de 13,6 ± 0,13. Tanto la FC como el EP incrementaron significativamente en cada nivel de intensidad durante el test de Naughton. Se verificó correlación lineal entre el EP y FC; así como también, entre EP y carga de trabajo (velocidad e inclinación de la trotadora). Todos los modelos de regresión fueron significativos (p < 0,0001). Conclusión: La escala EPInfant posee una adecuada validez de criterio concurrente para medir EP durante el test de Naughton en la muestra estudiada. Se requieren estudios adicionales para determinar otras propiedades de medición en esta modalidad de ejercicio.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Adolescent , Exercise Test , Exercise/physiology , Heart Rate/physiology , Physical Exertion/physiology , Demography , Linear Models , Perception , Reproducibility of ResultsABSTRACT
The perceived exertion (PE) corresponds to the subjective sensation caused, in part, by the me-tabolic changes during exercise. This variable has been widely used during exercise tests and during trainingprocesses andphysical rehabilitation in healthy and chronically diseased children. Additio-nally, it has been established that the assessment of PEproperties (validity and reliability) is strongly determined by the type of scale, the applied paradigm and the cognitive development. Evidence is overwhelming in establishing the validity of this measurement in children aging from 4 years old, by using adapted scales. At 8 years-old the application of estimate-production paradigm is suggested and from 13 to 15 years-old the Borg scale 6-20 would be used. In Chile EPInfant scale has been developed for measuring childperceived exertion. This scale has shown an acceptable performance in in cremental exercise test in healthy children aged 8 to 15 years old, justifying its use. We review the assessment of PE properties in children , considering key aspects in the design of scales and cognitive development of children. Additionally, the evidence regarding the validity of the Chilean scale EPInfant in children is presented. Finally the research currently under development and its projections on this issue are discussed.
La percepción de esfuerzo (PE) corresponde a la valoración subjetiva causada, en parte, por los cambios metabólicos durante el ejercicio. Esta variable ha sido ampliamente utilizada en pruebas de ejercicio y rehabilitación física en niños sanos y con enfermedades crónicas. Adicionalmente, ha sido establecido que las propiedades de medición (validez y confiabilidad) de la PE son fuertemente determinadas por el tipo de escala, paradigma de aplicación y desarrollo cognitivo. En este contexto, ha sido demostrado que la medición de la PE es válida en niños a partir de los 4 años a través de escalas adaptadas. Desde los 8 años es factible la utilización de esta variable mediante el paradigma de estimación-producción y desde los 13 a 15 años mediante escalas de adultos v.gr. Borg 6-20. En nuestro país, ha sido desarrollada la escala de medición de esfuerzo percibido infantil (EPInfant), la cual, ha mostrado, un rendimiento aceptable durante pruebas de ejercicio incremental en niños sanos de entre 8-15 años de edad, justificando su utilización en nuestro medio. En esta revisión se discuten las propiedades de medición de la PE en población infantil, considerando aspectos esenciales en el diseño de las escalas y el desarrollo cognitivo de los niños. Adicionalmente, se presenta la evidencia existente respecto a la validez de la escala EPInfant en niños de nuestro país. Finalmente se discuten las líneas de investigación actualmente en desarrollo que determinarán las perspectivas en esta temática.
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Female , Child , Adolescent , Exercise , Dyspnea , Physical Exertion , Cognition , Exercise TestABSTRACT
BACKGROUND: Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth generates endogenous ethanol production both in experimental animals and humans. Patients with cirrhosis have small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, but endogenous ethanol production has not been studied in them. AIM: To investigate endogenous ethanol production in patients with cirrhosis, altered intestinal motility and small intestinal bacterial overgrowth. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Eight patients with cirrhosis of different etiologies and altered gastrointestinal motility, consisting in changes in the migrating motor complex, were studied. All had also small intestinal bacterial overgrowth, measured by means of the H2 breath test with lactulose. Plasma ethanol levels were measured by gas liquid chromatography in fasting conditions and 120 min after a carbohydrate rich meal. RESULTS: In fasting conditions, no patient had endogenous ethanol production. Alter the meal, ethanol in concentrations of 11.3 and 8.2 mg/del were detected in two patients. Negligible amounts of ethanol were detected in 4 patients and two patients had undetectable alcohol levels. CONCLUSIONS: A low endogenous production of ethanol was demonstrated in six of eight patients with cirrhosis.